What is a clinical presentation associated with functional urethral outflow obstruction?

Functional urethral outflow obstruction can lead to urinary retention, where the bladder cannot completely empty. This situation often results in a phenomenon known as overflow incontinence, which occurs when the bladder becomes overdistended and can no longer hold additional urine. As a result, small amounts of urine may leak out involuntarily. The presence of retained urine indicates that despite the urge to void, the obstruction prevents effective emptying of the bladder. This symptom aligns precisely with the typical presentation of functional urethral outflow obstruction, making it the correct choice in this context.

Increased bladder capacity, frequent urination with normal volume, and involuntary spasms of the bladder do not directly tie to the mechanisms of functional urethral obstruction as closely as overflow incontinence does. Instead, those options may pertain to different bladder dysfunctions or pathophysiological processes.